Emergency Room Operation free essay sample

At the end of the day, the ER’s essential objective gathering of patients is those with an abrupt and unforeseen requirement for clinical administrations and considerations at some random time. As a rule, the ER must have the option to give introductory determination and treatment to a wide scope of diseases and wounds, some of which are more essential than others and may require more noteworthy and quick consideration. Subsequently, ER patients can be commonly ordered into two classes, which we characterize to be ‘light’ patients and ‘emergency’ patients. There is the issue that crisis patients ought to be put under a more noteworthy need to clinical administrations and consideration when contrasted with customary patients, who are less seriously harmed or sick. Given that quiet appearances follow a Poisson conveyance (haphazardly), so as to take into account unpredictable help request, the ER for the most part works 24 hours nonstop containing both day-move obligations and night-move obligations, as a rule with a variable staffing level to reflect general patient volume. Along these lines, because of the basic idea of the ER’s administrations whereby idealness and effectiveness are of most extreme significance, there are different help conventions, for example, viable situational lining models that the office must follow to reasonably decide and distribute administration needs to each extraordinary patient to guarantee that they get the essential convenient clinical consideration. 2. 0 Problem Recognition The Revision of Emergency Duty Law 2. 1 Rationale for the amendment of Emergency Duty Law In August fifth 2012, the Ministry of Health and Welfare had updated the Emergency Duty Law overseeing crisis rooms in the medical clinics. Prior to the amendment, the crisis room commonly utilized the assistance of inhabitants. Notwithstanding, the principle purpose of the amendment of the modification of the law is to guarantee that each crisis room ought to have at any rate 1 pro and 5 medical caretakers on night obligation. After the correction, on the job inhabitants now initially evaluates the patients, and if the patients can't be dealt with appropriately by the occupants, they are in this way surveyed by the on the job pro, assuming control over what was generally the activity of a senior inhabitant under the steady gaze of the law update. It is a prerequisite that the names of the on the job pro should be posted freely. What's more, it is additionally required that even the experts who are not on night obligation must expect obligation if the working occupant demands for it (accessible as needs be). Expected suspension of permit or punishment will be forced under infringement of this law. 2. 2 The Problem Two bottlenecks have been distinguished to show up after the crisis obligation law update. The primary bottleneck showed up at the phase of evaluation by obligation inhabitants as a result of the freely posted name rundown of the on the job master. Many light patients tend to visit crisis room during the night since they don’t need to utilize their day hours. As recently referenced, light patients require less critical clinical consideration, so they can invest energy to consider and be particular of the on the job masters when they go to the crisis room. This conduct mirrors the patients’ inclination of selection of specialists. This brought about an overabundance number of light patients looking for clinical medicines on specific days, causing the principal bottleneck. The subsequent bottleneck is brought about by a deficiency of pros. On the job occupants who take first assessment may tend to stay away from troublesome patients. Along these lines, on the job inhabitants ascribe a heavier obligation to on the job experts. Prior to the amendment, there were three phases for treatment, yet now, there are just two phases. For this situation, night obligation experts who take second assessments should survey a lot of patients. It is hard to meet the necessary the quantity of obligation experts in little emergency clinic. In Korea, a large portion of the huge principle medical clinics are situated in the huge city. In little urban areas or towns, there are just little medical clinics. It is an issue that little medical clinics regularly need more on the job experts, so they need to close their crisis room. This outcomes in the crisis patients who are needing prompt clinical consideration from the little urban communities or towns looking for treatment from large city emergency clinics. This represents a basic issue whereby it takes a specific measure of valuable chance to move to a major city clinic. On account of extremely earnest crisis patients in little urban communities, it very well may be hazardous. 2. 3 Example In ‘ ’ which is extremely well known in Korea, they communicated a mishap which was brought about by the modification of the crisis obligation law. As a result of the new law, in Eusung in Kyong-buk, there was no crisis room. On the off chance that there are crisis patients, they needed to move to Andong or Sangju, which takes around 30 minutes to 60 minutes. Clearly, Eusung covers an extremely enormous territory, multiple times greater than that of Seoul. In this car crash in Eusung, there was an old hitched couple that was seriously harmed, yet couldn't get clinical treatment in Eusung, subsequently proceded to look for treatment in Andong. The excursion to Andong took around 30 minutes itself, and after they at long last showed up at crisis room, the lady had lamentably died. 3. 0 Analysis for a Service Blueprint of ER At the point when a patient first enters the ER, a triage is performed, whereby needs for activity in a crisis are resolved. After the patient is sorted by the earnestness of their disease or injury, the person sees a specialist just because. Since it is compulsory for all patients to experience enlistment for treatment, the patient goes to meeting room and pays a charge for the clinical assessment. At that point the patient experiences the important X-beam, CT, or blood tests for appropriate review. After the entire test investigation is done, a working occupant responsible for finding in the ER analyze the patient’s case. Since the occupant is a non-expert specialist, the individual once in a while meets trouble in precise clinical determination. Before the correction of crisis obligation law, the working occupant hands over the case to progressively experienced senior inhabitants. At the point when the patient is as yet unfit to be sufficiently rewarded by the senior inhabitants, the on the job pro at that point has a duty to treat the patient. In any case, as the amendment of crisis obligation law became effective, the working occupant currently hands over the case straightforwardly to an on the job authority. The on the job expert purposes the issue and speedily sends the patient to the medical caretakers for designation of an emergency clinic room. The patient will at that point be hospitalized for a couple of days. After the crisis obligation law correction, the on the job master endures an expanded measure of outstanding burden in light of the fact that there is no contribution of senior inhabitants in ER process. What is delineated is a consolidated instance of ER process. The outline underneath records the holding up time and lead-time of every ER procedure just as net normal of those procedures. Process| Average Waiting Headcount| Average Waiting Time| Net Average Waiting Time| Net Average Lead Time| Triage| 0. 3| 6. 25| 3. 837| 5. 254| Exam| 1. 06| 8. 46| | Reg/Pay| 4. 02| 14. 37| | X-ray| 6. 13| 77. 07| | CT| 0. 98| 31. 91| | Blood test| 0. 87| 11. 69| | Diagnosis| 5. 61| 32. 40| | Cooperative treatment| 2. 26| 60. 11| | Room allocation| 4. 19| 86. 82| | Preparation for Hospitaliz ation| 3. 29| 77. 01| | Reference: (2010, ) 3. 1 Blueprint of ER-Before the Revision Figure I: Blueprint of ER-Before the Revision This is an outline of ER under the steady gaze of the crisis obligation law amendment. As should be obvious for the situation over, the most extreme number of evaluation arranges a patient can experience is three. They are a progression of appraisals carried out by on-responsibility occupants, senior inhabitants and on the job authorities. 3. 2 Blueprint of ER-After the Revision B An A Patients come Assessed by obligation inhabitants Triage X-beam CT Blood check Assessed by obligation master Being dealt with and endorsing medication Go home or hospitalization Diagnosis help Diagnosis Procedure Untreatable Treatable Patients come Assessed by obligation occupants Triage X-beam CT Blood check Assessed by obligation expert Being dealt with and recommending medication Go home or hospitalization Diagnosis help Diagnosis Procedure Untreatable Treatable Figure II: Blueprint of ER-After the Revision This is a changed outline after the update. Out of the three evaluation stages, second appraisal by senior inhabitants was dispensed with. At the point when an on the job occupant can't treat their patients, the working pro in then straightforwardly responsible for the treatment. Consequently, the obligation of an obligation expert is extraordinarily expanded in ER process. Deferment of their exhibition additionally implies that the lingering procedures will be likewise deferred. 3. 3 Bottleneck Analysis As you can see on the outline, after the law modification, two bottlenecks had showed up. Under the changed law, the most exceptional progress of ER framework is the end of the senior residents’ assessments, which was a phase that had existed between that of the on the job inhabitants and experts. Source: Healthcare Process Patterns with Triage in the Emergency Department (2009, KORMS) The primary bottleneck spot is appeared at point ‘A’ on ‘Figure II: Blueprint of ER-After the Revision’. At this stage, numerous gently harmed/debilitated individuals are going to the ER in the night. Despite the fact that these patients are gently harmed, on the job inhabitants have the obligation to restoratively look at them regardless of the fluctuating level of clinical need. This is the initial step of the ER rule. Notwithstanding, in contrast with the unrevised law, patients at that point could be sent to senior inhabitants straightforwardly. Be that as it may, there are presently no senior inhabitants on the job any longer under the reconsidered law. Along these lines, obligation occupants have the duty to go to all of patients that enter the ER simultaneously. Also, the hypothesis of FIFO (First In, First

Prince Henry the Navigator Free Essays

Sovereign Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator Prince Henry the Navigator was brought into the world 1394 and passed on 1460. Indeed, even know he kicked the bucket doesn’t mean I can’t revive your memory about him. Sovereign Henry was a Portuguese regal ruler, solider, and supporter of investigates. We will compose a custom paper test on Sovereign Henry the Navigator or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Henry sent many cruising endeavors. Sovereign Henry father is of King John I of Portugal and his English spouse, Philippa of Lancaster. At the point when he was 21, Prince Henry assaulted the Moslem port of Ceutha in north Morocco. This effective assault in 1415 roused Prince Henry to investigate Africa, the greater part of which was obscure to Europeans. Ruler Henry made the school of route. Around 1418, Prince Henry began the primary school for maritime route alongside an observatory at Sagres, Portugal. In this school, individuals were prepared in route, map-production, and science, so as to cruise down the west of Africa. Ruler Henry of Navigation voyaged everywhere like West Africa right now, no Europeans had cruised past the misleading Cape Bojador and returned alive. Cape Bojador is on the bank of Africa just underneath scope. Ruler Henry the Navigator built up his own court at Sagres and supported journeys of disclosure in the Madeira Island and along the western bank of Africa. As great ace of the Order of Christ, he picked up assets for support journeys focused on the transformation of agnostics. His support prompted advancement of the Portuguese caravel and improved navigational instruments and the progression cartography. See I let you know can gain so much from perusing my article I wager you scarcely knew a portion of the things I disclosed to you I even took in a great deal to. Reference index http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator#Early_life http://www. enchantedlearning. com/travelers/page/h/henry. shtml The most effective method to refer to Prince Henry the Navigator, Essay models

How to Win The IT Talent War - Focus

How to Win The IT Talent War - Focus Insights from five Viennese tech SMEs whose innovative employer branding initiatives have helped them attract talented and ambitious developers.   There’s a war going on. A war for IT talent â€" and the prize… developers. Tech companies the world over are battling it out to attract talented programmers. The competition is stiff. So a little creativity is needed in order to attract the largest number of applicants. Companies have now started using a secret not so secret weapon, and that is using more innovative and “out-of-the-box” employer branding initiatives. But what is employer branding and why is it relevant for tech companies when it comes to recruiting developers?   Employer Branding Employer branding, or EB for short, is “a company’s ability to differentiate and promote (its) identity to a defined group of candidates that they’re interested in hiring”. In a nutshell, it helps differentiate and position a company in the eyes of potential candidates, and that’s why it’s relevant for HR strategies. But how do companies do this? And, are there any interesting tactics out there? Companies like Microsoft, Google and Cisco, big players, have been iconized as employer branding role models by many HR blogs. This is because of the amount of effort they put into establishing attractive employer branding strategies â€" ranging from their creative use of social media to diverse, original ads and initiatives. However,   their tricks and techniques may not be the best way forward for smaller companies, who often don’t have the amount of resources to pull such campaigns off successfully and continuously. So what can SMEs do to compete or level the playing field?   Be creative. We’ve looked at five Viennese SMEs in an attempt to answer this question. Here are a few strategies that they use to set themselves apart from their competition in the employer branding war: 1. Instagram Takeovers â€" kununu kununu is Europes largest employer review platform and the only professional provider that specializes in employer reviews and feedback. They strongly believe that there are three key elements that companies need to leverage to attract prospective employees: the managers, the team and the tech stack. kununu makes a point of highlighting its tech stack (i.e. the technology the company is working with), team and the managers in charge of leading teams. They do this through the clever use of Instagram takeovers:  â€œInstagram transports our message, what kununu is about and its product focus; but we also use it to talk about kununu as an employer (). So we have those so-called Instagram takeovers, where one department shares insights relating to their day-to-day work.”   2. Ambassadors â€" ready2order ready2order is a company that offers cloud-based point-of-sale solutions. Even though they’re relatively new, they, too, use   employer branding strategies to attract IT talents, and their strategy is genius. They have a sought-after developer working for them. Said developer also happens to have a large Twitter following. So what have they done? They’ve turned him into a company ambassador. His tweets and constant mentioning of ready2order has had real results in the IT talent war: “We’ve received so many applicants through Twitter because (he) is so active on Twitter. He is really good in his field and people would really love to work with him.” 3. Employee Referral System â€" willhaben willhaben (literally translates into “want to have” in English) is Austria’s largest e-marketplace.   What makes them truly unique is their strong corporate culture and the positive effect it’s had on their recruitment process. They’ve created a positive working environment that’s encouraged employees as well as externals (who’ve heard about willhaben’s good reputation as an employer) to tell their friends about willhaben career opportunities. It’s worked so well “that about a quarter of the employees hired (35%) were candidates that applied because of an employee referral or a third party referral.” 4. Internships â€" ovos ovos is an Austrian company that offers training tools and specializes in gamification. Their strategy to set themselves apart in terms of employee branding is through offering internships. Technical university students often have to do mandatory internships in order to complete their studies. ovos welcomes them. ovos says that “internships offer an opportunity for the company to get to know the developer and to work with him/her”. There is a mutual benefit because the interns also gain insight into the company and learn about the possible career trajectories. “We’ve had a number of developers who did their internships at our company and liked it a lot. When they finished their studies they called us and asked if we had a job for them.” 5. Recruitment Based on Continuous Communication â€" Meister Meister is a SaaS startup that develops software tools: MindMeister and MeisterTask. Their strategy to win the employee branding war is to make sure they’ve covered all their bases when it comes to recruitment and that involves networking. Aside from hosting regular developer meetups, they also attend round-tables with their HR counterparts within the Austrian startup scene. These networks have helped them understand the startup landscape and have created the ideal platform to source talent.   There have been cases where known businesses have downsized and reached out to Meister directly about possible vacancies. Meister also makes a point of keeping track of potential candidates whose applications stood out and would be a great fit should the right position become available:   Who doesnt know this feeling: You see a job ad that is super interesting, you apply, you meet the team And its all wonderful, but for some reason,   its not the right time. You decline the offer. Now imagine, the perfect time arrives a year later and guess what, the HR person from back then hasnt forgotten you.   And there you have it  Five innovative and creative things that Viennese SMEs are doing in order to gain the upper hand in the IT talent war. And the good news is that you don’t necessarily have to be a big player with big resources in order to attract great talent. There are plenty of simple and inexpensive tactics you can use to attract fantastic developers for your business. So, what are you waiting for? How to Win The IT Talent War - Focus Insights from five Viennese tech SMEs whose innovative employer branding initiatives have helped them attract talented and ambitious developers.   There’s a war going on. A war for IT talent â€" and the prize… developers. Tech companies the world over are battling it out to attract talented programmers. The competition is stiff. So a little creativity is needed in order to attract the largest number of applicants. Companies have now started using a secret not so secret weapon, and that is using more innovative and “out-of-the-box” employer branding initiatives. But what is employer branding and why is it relevant for tech companies when it comes to recruiting developers?   Employer Branding Employer branding, or EB for short, is “a company’s ability to differentiate and promote (its) identity to a defined group of candidates that they’re interested in hiring”. In a nutshell, it helps differentiate and position a company in the eyes of potential candidates, and that’s why it’s relevant for HR strategies. But how do companies do this? And, are there any interesting tactics out there? Companies like Microsoft, Google and Cisco, big players, have been iconized as employer branding role models by many HR blogs. This is because of the amount of effort they put into establishing attractive employer branding strategies â€" ranging from their creative use of social media to diverse, original ads and initiatives. However,   their tricks and techniques may not be the best way forward for smaller companies, who often don’t have the amount of resources to pull such campaigns off successfully and continuously. So what can SMEs do to compete or level the playing field?   Be creative. We’ve looked at five Viennese SMEs in an attempt to answer this question. Here are a few strategies that they use to set themselves apart from their competition in the employer branding war: 1. Instagram Takeovers â€" kununu kununu is Europes largest employer review platform and the only professional provider that specializes in employer reviews and feedback. They strongly believe that there are three key elements that companies need to leverage to attract prospective employees: the managers, the team and the tech stack. kununu makes a point of highlighting its tech stack (i.e. the technology the company is working with), team and the managers in charge of leading teams. They do this through the clever use of Instagram takeovers:  â€œInstagram transports our message, what kununu is about and its product focus; but we also use it to talk about kununu as an employer (). So we have those so-called Instagram takeovers, where one department shares insights relating to their day-to-day work.”   2. Ambassadors â€" ready2order ready2order is a company that offers cloud-based point-of-sale solutions. Even though they’re relatively new, they, too, use   employer branding strategies to attract IT talents, and their strategy is genius. They have a sought-after developer working for them. Said developer also happens to have a large Twitter following. So what have they done? They’ve turned him into a company ambassador. His tweets and constant mentioning of ready2order has had real results in the IT talent war: “We’ve received so many applicants through Twitter because (he) is so active on Twitter. He is really good in his field and people would really love to work with him.” 3. Employee Referral System â€" willhaben willhaben (literally translates into “want to have” in English) is Austria’s largest e-marketplace.   What makes them truly unique is their strong corporate culture and the positive effect it’s had on their recruitment process. They’ve created a positive working environment that’s encouraged employees as well as externals (who’ve heard about willhaben’s good reputation as an employer) to tell their friends about willhaben career opportunities. It’s worked so well “that about a quarter of the employees hired (35%) were candidates that applied because of an employee referral or a third party referral.” 4. Internships â€" ovos ovos is an Austrian company that offers training tools and specializes in gamification. Their strategy to set themselves apart in terms of employee branding is through offering internships. Technical university students often have to do mandatory internships in order to complete their studies. ovos welcomes them. ovos says that “internships offer an opportunity for the company to get to know the developer and to work with him/her”. There is a mutual benefit because the interns also gain insight into the company and learn about the possible career trajectories. “We’ve had a number of developers who did their internships at our company and liked it a lot. When they finished their studies they called us and asked if we had a job for them.” 5. Recruitment Based on Continuous Communication â€" Meister Meister is a SaaS startup that develops software tools: MindMeister and MeisterTask. Their strategy to win the employee branding war is to make sure they’ve covered all their bases when it comes to recruitment and that involves networking. Aside from hosting regular developer meetups, they also attend round-tables with their HR counterparts within the Austrian startup scene. These networks have helped them understand the startup landscape and have created the ideal platform to source talent.   There have been cases where known businesses have downsized and reached out to Meister directly about possible vacancies. Meister also makes a point of keeping track of potential candidates whose applications stood out and would be a great fit should the right position become available:   Who doesnt know this feeling: You see a job ad that is super interesting, you apply, you meet the team And its all wonderful, but for some reason,   its not the right time. You decline the offer. Now imagine, the perfect time arrives a year later and guess what, the HR person from back then hasnt forgotten you.   And there you have it  Five innovative and creative things that Viennese SMEs are doing in order to gain the upper hand in the IT talent war. And the good news is that you don’t necessarily have to be a big player with big resources in order to attract great talent. There are plenty of simple and inexpensive tactics you can use to attract fantastic developers for your business. So, what are you waiting for?

A Project Report On Industrial Training - 9125 Words

JK LAKSHMI CEMENT Ltd. SIROHI, RAJASTHAN A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by PRAKHAR WADHAWAN in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FROM AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA SEC -125 JK LAKSHMI CEMENT, SIROHI, RAJASTHAN. BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE It is certified that this report on industrial training at JK Lakshmi Cement Plant, Sirohi, Rajasthan is the bonafide work of â€Å"PRAKHAR WADHAWAN† who carried out the training under our guidance. L.B. Sharma B B wadhawan Sr. Manager (Mech.) vice president (engineering) ââ€" ª ACKNOWLEDGEMENT One of the important principle of the universe is each and every individual is unique and different and varies by having his own identity and individuality. The same principal is also applies to the organization .In addition these entities have their own set of values, norms, procedure, practice, which are to be following the day to day work life. My training with J.K. 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I am also very goal and team oriented, which is demonstratedRead MoreJob Analysis and Selection Plan1587 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis and Selection Plan According to the text Job Analysis is â€Å"To make intelligent decisions about the people-related needs of a business, two types of information are essential: (1) a description of the work to be done, the skills needed, and the training and experience required for various jobs, and (2) a description of the future direction of a business. (Cascio, 2006, p.157) These two very essential forms of information are called job analysis and workforce planning which help to put into perspective

Sociological Perspectives On Race And Ethnicity - 1767 Words

Anthropological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity In The African American Community In America Ashley Clarke Professor Pashkovskiy June 12, 2016 Anthropology 3700 Racial injustices are what have made America the powerful nation it is today. America was founded on the genocide of Native Americans and built on the backs of African slaves. In modern day America, strides have been made to provide all Americans equal opportunities to ensure assimilation and success in society however there is still significant work to be to ensure equality. In this paper I have researched the anthropological perspectives on race and ethnicity globally. I have also compared and contrasted varying researcher’s works to ensure I have a thorough understanding of this topic The current race issues in America led me to seek out the anthropological perspectives on race and ethnicity. Historically, anthropologists typically only provided research within their own cultures versus pursuing research about us all. It is important to understand the history of race and ethnicity globally. Every culture and background offer information about our beginnings are human bein gs. Understanding each cultures role, lifestyle and environment helps piece together details about humans as a race in itself aside from our varying differences within our species. In performing this research we are able to observe behavioral changes amongst varying cultures as well. Africans real role in the conquest of the AmericasShow MoreRelatedSociological Perspectives On Race And Ethnicity1442 Words   |  6 PagesIssues of race and ethnicity can be seen through three noteworthy sociological viewpoints: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Every point of view offers its own particular key to comprehension, and nobody viewpoint is accepted completely adequate all alone; rather, every one gives a vital method for seeing part of the social procedure. 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Wright Mills in his development of the idea of the sociological imagination. There are many different aspects to the sociological perspective. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines perspective as â€Å"the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance†Read MoreRace And Ethnicity Are Affected By Stratification938 Words   |  4 PagesBefore one might explain how race and ethnicity are affected by stratification. You first have to understand race and ethnicity in its self. Many people including me before I took this class thought they were the same thing. Racial groups are a group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. An example of this is I come from Somalia but in the United States my race would be defined as black or African American. 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Human society is made up of different categories or patterns in subjects such as race, gender, income, etc. More than half the time, people go on about their lives without realizing any of this. Sociology is like a sub-conscience; it guides us and teaches us about the world we live in and the choices we make, even without directly thinking about itRead MoreSociological Theories Of Prejudice And Racism1645 Words   |  7 PagesSociological Theories of Prejudice and Racism Functionalist theory argues for race and ethnic relations to be functional and thus supply to the melodic conduct and strength of society, racial and ethnic minorities must assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process by which a minority becomes socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the dominant society. The assimilation perspective assumes that to become fully fledged members of society, alternative groups must adopt as much

Training Report on Autocad Free Essays

string(35) " construction or projection lines\." CONTENTS ?Introduction to AutoCAD ?GUI of AutoCAD ?Commands in AutoCAD ?Layers ?Viewports ?Exercises †¢Sample – 1 †¢Sample – 2 †¢Sample – 3 †¢Sample – 4 †¢Sample – 5 ?3D in AutoCAD ?3D commands ?3D Exercises †¢Sample – 1 †¢Sample – 2 AutoCAD AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk Inc. , is the most popular PC – CAD system available in the market. This design package is a general purpose computer aided design and drafting application for your computer. We will write a custom essay sample on Training Report on Autocad or any similar topic only for you Order Now The speed and ease with which a drawing can be prepared and modified using a computer offer a phenomenal advantage over hand preparation. Here I’m going to mention a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being used today:- †¢Architectural drawings of all kinds. †¢Interior designs on facility planning. †¢Drawings for Electronics, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Automotives and Aerospace engineering applications. †¢Theatre set lighting designs. †¢Line drawing for the Fine Arts, Textiles, Fashion and Dress designing. Some other CAD packages developed by the same company are:- †¢Auto Shade †¢Auto Flix †¢Auto Ketch †¢Animator †¢3D Studio AutoCAD Screen Various components of the initial AutoCAD screen are drawing area, command window, menu bar, several toolbars, model and layouts, and the status bar (Fig. 1). A title bar that has AutoCAD symbol and the current drawing name is displayed on top of the screen. Figure 1 AutoCAD Screen ? SCREEN COMPONENTS Drawing Area The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here we can draw the objects and use the commands. To draw the objects, we need to define the coordinate points, which can be selected by using our pointing device Command Window Figure 2 Command Window The command window at the bottom of the drawing area has the command prompt where we can enter the commands. It also displays the subsequent prompt sequences and the messages. We can change the size of the window by placing the cursor on the top edge and then dragging it Application Status Bar Figure 3 Application Status Bar The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 3). It contains some useful information and buttons that will make it easy to change the status of some AutoCAD functions. We can toggle between on and off states of most of these functions by choosing them. Coordinates The coordinates information is displayed on the left corner of the Status Bar. We can select this coordinate button to toggle between on and off states. If the COORDS system variable controls the type of display of coordinates. ?Snap Mode The snap mode allows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. If snap mode is on, the Snap Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar; otherwise it is not displayed. ?Grid Display The grid lines are used as a reference lines to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the Grid Display button is chosen, the grid lines are displayed on the screen. Ortho Mode If the Ortho Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can draw lines at right angles only. ?Polar Tracking If we turn the polar tracking on, the movement of cursor is restricted along a path based on set as the polar angle settings. Choosing the Polar Tracking button in the Status Bar turns it on. Remember that turning the polar tracking on, automatically turns off the ortho mode. ? ?Object Snap When the Object Snap button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can use the running object snaps to snap a point. ?Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCS Choosing the button allows or disallows the use of dynamic UCS. Allowing the dynamic UCS ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically aligned with the selected face of the model. ?Dynamic Input The Dynamic input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off. Turning it on facilitates the heads-up design approach because all commands, prompts and the dimensional inputs will now be displayed in the drawing area and we do not need to look at the command prompt all the time. This saves the design time and also increases the efficiency of the user. ?Show/Hide Lineweight Choosing this button in the Status Bar allows you to turn on or off the display of lineweights in the drawing. ?Model The Model button is chosen by default because you are working in the model space to create drawings. ?Annotation Scale The annotation scale controls the size and display of the annotative objects in the model space. The Annotation Scale button has a drop-down list that displays all the annotation scales available for the current drawing. ?Annotation Visibility This button is used to control the visibility of the annotative objects that do not support the current annotation scale in drawing area. Automatically Add Scale This button, if chosen, automatically adds all the annotation scales that are set current to all the annotative objects present in the drawing. ?Quick Properties If you select a sketched entity when this button is chosen in the Status Bar, the properties of selected entity will be displayed in a panel. ? COMMANDS LINE Line command is used to draw a cont inuing series of line segments, but each line segment is a separate object. We can invoke the LINE command from the Draw toolbar, as shown in fig. 4 Figure 4 Draw Toolbar We can also invoke the LINE command by entering LINE or L at the command prompt. Once you have invoked the LINE command, the next prompt, the Specify first point, requires us to specify the starting point. After first point is selected, AutoCAD will prompt you to enter the second point at the Specify next point prompt. At this point we may continue to select points or terminate the LINE command by pressing ENTER, ESC, or the SPACEBAR. The prompt sequence of invoking LINE command is as follows: Command: LINE Enter Specify first point: Move the cursor (mouse) and left click to specify the first point. Specify next point or [Undo]: Move the cursor and left click to specify the second point. Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify the third point. Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Enter. (Press ENTER to exit LINE command. ) XLINE The XLINE command can be used to draw construction or projection lines. You read "Training Report on Autocad" in category "Essay examples" These lines are the lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn very lightly, when manually drafting. An xline (construction line) is a 3D line that extends to infinity at both ends. As the line is infinite in length, it does not have any end points. The prompt sequence of invoking the XLINE command is as follows: Command: XLINE Enter Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset]: Specify an option or select a point through which the xline will pass. PLINE The PLINE command is used to draw a polyline. A polyline is a line that has different features. The term POLYLINE can be broken into two parts: POLY and LINE. POLY means â€Å"many†. This signifies that a poly line can have many lines. Some features of polylines are listed next. Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are very flexible and can be used to draw any shape, such as a filled circle or a doughnut. Polylines can be used to draw objects in any line type. Advanced editing commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDIT command). The command prompt for invoking the PLINE command is as follows: Command: PLINE Enter Specify start point: Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates. Current line width is nn. nnn Current line width is nn. nnn is displayed automatically, which indicates the width of the polyline drawn. If we need a different width, invoke the Width option at the next prompt and set it. Next the following prompt is displayed. Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or enter an option. POLYGON A regular polygon is a closed geometric figure with equal sides. The number of side varies from 3 to 1024. For example, a triangle is a three sided polygon and a pentagon is a five sided polygon. In AutoCAD, the POLYGON command is used to draw regular 2D polygons. A polygon is said to be inscribed when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices touch the circle. Likewise, a polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn outside imaginary circle and sides of polygon are tangent to circle. We can easily choose one option from these two available options during the invoking process. The prompt sequence of invoking POLYGON command is given next. Command: POLYGON Enter Enter number of sides : Enter a value between 3 and 1024. Specify center of polygon: Specify the center point or enter its coordinates. Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]: Enter I or C. Specify radius of circle: Specify the radius of circle, which will inscribe or circumscribe the polygon. RECTANG The RECTANG command is used to draw rectangles in AutoCAD. We can draw rectangles by specifying two opposite corners of the rectangle, by specifying the area and the size of one of the sides, or by specifying the dimensions of rectangles. The prompt sequence of invoking RECTANG command is as follows: Command: RECTANG Enter Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify first corner point or enter its coordinates. Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Specify opposite corner point or enter its coordinates. ARC An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can be drawn using the ARC command. AutoCAD provides eleven different options to draw an arc. To view these options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout option will appear as shown in fig. 5 Figure 5 Options in Menu Bar for Creating an Arc The default setting is for creating a three point arc. The command prompt for invoking ARC command is as follows: Command: ARC Enter Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify first point of arc or enter its coordinates. Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Specify the through point for arc or enter its coordinates. Specify the end point of arc: Specify the end point or enter its coordinates. CIRCLE The CIRCLE command is used to draw circles. AutoCAD provides six different options to draw a circle. To view and choose from the available options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout will appear as shown in fig. 6 Figure 6 Options in Menu Bar for creating a Circle The default setting is for creating a circle with Center and Radius option. The other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by the method stated earlier. The prompt sequence for invoking CIRCLE command is stated next. Command: CIRCLE Enter Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify center point or enter its coordinates. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: Enter the required value of radius. ELLIPSE If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape is called an ellipse, which can be created in AutoCAD using the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created by two different options and these options are grouped together in the Draw option of the Menu Bar as shown in fig. 7 Figure 7 Options in Menu Bar for creating an Ellipse The default setting is for creating an ellipse with Axis and End point option. The Other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by method stated above. The prompt sequence for invoking ELLIPSE command is stated next. Command: ELLIPSE Enter Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Enter coordinates of axis end point or choose an option. Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify other end point or enter its coordinates. Specify distance to the other axis or [rotation]: Specify the half length of second axis. ERASE After drawing some objects, you may need to erase some of them from the screen. To erase, we can use ERASE command in AutoCAD. This command is used exactly the same way as an eraser is used in manual drafting to delete unwanted information. We can invoke ERASE command from the Modify toolbar Figure 8 Modify Toolbar When we invoke the ERASE command, a small box, known as pick box, replaces the screen cursor. To erase an object, move the pick box so that it touches the object. Select the object. AutoCAD confirms the selection by changing the selected objects into dashed lines and the select objects prompt returns again. We can continue selecting objects or press ENTER to terminate object selection and erase the selected objects. The prompt sequence is given next. Command: ERASE Enter Select objects: Select first object. Select objects: Select second object. Select objects: Enter COPY The COPY command is used to copy an existing object. This command makes copies of the selected objects and places them at specified locations, but the orignals are left intact. In this command we need to select the objects and specify the base point. Next we need to specify the second point, this point is where we want the copied objects to be placed. The prompt sequence that is followed when you invoke COPY command is given next. Command: COPY Enter Select objects: Select objects to copy. Select objects: Enter Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] : Specify base point. Specify second point or : Specify a new position on the screen using pointing device or entering coordinates. Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] : Enter MIRROR The MIRROR command creates a mirror copy of the selected objects. The objects can be mirrored at any angle. This command is helpful in drawing symmetrical figures. This command is available in Modify toolbar but it can be invoked by using command window as well. When we invoke this command, AutoCAD prompts us to select the objects and then the mirror line. After we select the objects to be mirrored, AutoCAD prompts you to enter the first point of mirror line and the second point of mirror line. A mirror line is an imaginary line about which objects are reflected. We can specify the end point of mirror line by specifying points on screen or by entering their coordinates. The mirror line can be selected at any angle. The prompt sequence of invoking MIRROR command is given next. Command: MIRROR Enter Select objects: Select objects to be mirrored. Select objects: Enter Specify first point of mirror line: Specify the first endpoint. Specify second point of mirror line: Specify the second endpoint. Delete source objects? [Yes/No] : Enter Y for deletion, N for retaining the objects. OFFSET To draw parallel lines, concentric circles, arcs, curves, and so on, we can use the OFFSET command. This command creates another object that is similar to the selected one. Remember that we are allowed to select only one entity at a time to be offset. While offsetting an object, we can specify the offset distance and the side to offset, or we can specify a distance through which you want to offset the selected object. The prompt sequence which follows when we invoke OFFSET command using command window is given next. Command: OFFSET Enter Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] : Specify the offset distance. { Through Option Using this option we do not need to specify a distance; we simply specify an offset point and the distance between them is stored as offset distance. Erase Option The Erase option is used to specify whether the source object has to be deleted or not. Layer Option Use the Layer option to specify whether the offset entity will be placed in the current layer or the layer of source object. Specify the object to offset or [Exit/Undo] : Specify the object to offset. Specify point on side to offset or : Specify a point on side to offset. Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] : Select another object to offset or press Enter. ARRAY An array is defined as the method of creating multiple copies of the selected object and arranging them in a rectangular or circular fashion. In s ome drawings, we may need to specify an object multiple times in a rectangular or circular arrangement. For example, suppose you have to draw six chairs around a table. This job can be accomplished by drawing each chair seperately or by using the COPY command tomake multiple copies of the chair. But it is a very tedious process and also the alignment of the chairs will have to be adjusted. Using ARRAY command, all we need to do is create just one chair and the remaining five will be created and automatically arranged around the table by the ARRAY command. This method is more efficient and less time-consuming. ARRAY command can be invoked by different methods such as from Modify toolbar, or by making use of the Command Window, or from the Modify option of Menu Bar. RECTANGULAR ARRAY A rectangular array is formed by making copies of the selected object along the X and Y directions of an imaginary rectangle (along rows and columns). It can be created by selecting the Rectangular Array button in the array dialog box (fig. 9) that appears on invoking ARRAY comand. ROWS This edit box is used to specify the number of rows in rectangular array. COLUMNS This edit box is used to specify the number of columns in the rectangular array. Figure 9 Rectangular Array option in Array dialog box Offset distance and direction Area The options under this area are used to define the distance between the rows and the columns and the angle of array. Row Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the rows. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Row Offset button to define the row offset distance by specifying two points on screen. Column Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the columns. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Column Offset button to define the column offset distance by specifying two points on screen. Angle of Arrray. This edit box is used to define the angle of array. This is the value by which the rows and columns will be rotated. POLAR ARRAY A polar array is an arrangement of the objects around a point in a circular fashion. This kind of array is created by selecting the Polar Array button in the Array dialog box (fig. 10) that appears on invoking ARRAY command. Figure 10 Polar Array option in Arrray dialog box CENTER POINT The center point of the array is defined as the point around which the selected items will be arranged. It is defined as the center point of the imaginary circle on whose circumference the items will be placed. The coordinates of the center of array can be specified in the X and Y edit boxes. We can either enter the values in these edit boxes or select the center point of array from the screen using Pick Center Point button. Method and values Area The options under this area are used to set the parameters related to the method that will be employed to create the polar array. Method. This drop-down list provides us three methods for creating the polar array. These three methods are discussed next. Total number of items Angle to fill. This method is used to create a polar array specifying number of items in array an the total included angle between the first and the last item. The number of items and the angle to be filled can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle to fill edit boxes respectively. We can also specify the angle to fill on screen by choosing Angle to fill button provided. Total number of items Angle between items. This method is used when we want to create a polar array by specifying the total number of items in the array and the included angle between two adjacent items. The angle between items is also called as incremental angle. The number items and the angle between the items can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle between items edit boxes,respectively. We can also specify theangle between items on the screen by choosing Angle between items button. Angle to fill Angle between items. This method is used when we want to specifyangle between the items and total angle to fill. In this case the number of items is not specified, but is automatically calculated using the total angle and angle between the items. The angle to fill and the angle between the items can be entered in their respective boxes. MOVE Sometimes the objects are not located where they should actually be. In these situations, we can use the MOVE command. This command allows you to move one or more objects from their current location to a new location. This change of location of the objects does not change their size or orientation. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be moved and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be picked and moved. ? ROTATE Sometimes we requires an object or any sketch in angular position. the. In these situations, we can use the ROTATE command. This command allows you to rotate one or more objects from their current location to a specific angle. This change of of the objects does not change their size. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be rotated and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be rotated. SCALE With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of any object or a sketch. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes. So in this situation, we can use the SCALE command. This command allows you to scale one or more objects from the selected base point. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be scaled and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be scaled. STRETCH With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of some selected part of any object in a specific direction. In this command, the sketch is stretched as much we required. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes some part of the sketched object. So in this situation, we can use the STRETCH command. This command allows you to stretch the objects from the selected base point. On invoking this command we are prompted to select the portion to be scaled with the help of green window and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be stretched. TRIM With the use of this command, we can remove the line or any sketched entity. In this command, the sketch is trimmed as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. This command allows you to trim the objects from the selected side. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be trimmed. EXTEND With the use of this command, we can increase the line the line upto the specific point or location. In this command, the sketch is extended as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be extend. BREAK AT A POINT With the use of this command, we can break the line at a point where we required. In this command, the sketch is broken from that point where we required. We can create the number of break points as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the line and after that click on that point from where we want to break the selected line, after using this command the line or any selected entity will be converted into numbers. BREAK With the use of this command, we can break the line with a specific distance or upto a specific point as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the point on the line and after that click on that point upto where we want to break the line. After using this command on the line or any selected entity, there will be space between the slelected points in the line or entity. JOIN With the use of this command, we can join the line drawn or placed in the same plane. On invoking this command, we have to select the first line and after that second line placed at the same plane and then right click. After using this command , there will be no space between the lines or entities. CHAMFER This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press A then ENTER, after that fill the distance and then ENTER, then fill the value of ANGLE and ENTER, after that select the line on which we want to create the chamfer. FILLET This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press R then ENTER, after that fill the value and then ENTER, after that select the lines on which we want to create the radius. REGION This command is used for converting the relation of LINE into POLYLINE. Before using this command the sketch should be closed from all sides. On invoking this command, we have to select all lines and then right click. EXPLODE This command is used for converting the relation of POLYLINE into LINE. On invoking this command, we have to select the POLYLINE and then right click. EXERCISE NO 1:- How to cite Training Report on Autocad, Essay examples

The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing

Introduction Exhibitions, also known as shows, expositions, fairs or just expos are defined as a gathering of people at a specific place and time to display goods and services for the purposes of promoting trade. The word comes from the Latin term ‘expositio’ meaning ‘to show’ or ‘display’.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is important to note that the four varieties of exhibitions may at times mean different things depending on organization, duration and recurrence. Beier and Dumbock (5) differentiate between a fair and an exhibition. They find that traditionally, fairs were shorter, periodic, less organized and randomly situated. This was in contrast with exhibitions which were one-time events running for months at a particular location designed for the purpose. Exhibitions were also highly organized unlike fairs and were mainly run by local governments. Another significant difference between fairs and exhibitions was the fact that in fairs unlike exhibitions, goods were sold and bought regularly. Exhibitions were only meant for display with the intention of inducing future sales. Currently, traditional exhibitions are the modern-day trade fairs and expositions in terms of business operation. Today we have large expositions known as World Fairs or EXPOs where countries come together to showcase their products in the international arena. Universal Expos form the highest level of exhibitions (Anderson 3). The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) is the official body in charge of organizing specialized international expositions. Normally, such expositions last between 3 to 6 months and countries showcase themselves for trade and tourism purposes (Morrow 9). Modern expos differ with trade fairs in terms of theme and architectural design. Various expos hav e been held since the Brussels expo of 1958 with the latest being the 2010 Shanghai Expo. Trade Fairs as forms of Exhibitions This has been the primary method through which countries have marketed themselves as exporters. They are more specialized and industry-specific. Traditionally, trade fairs were horizontal i.e. various products confined to a particular industry were showcased.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today, these fairs are vertically organized and the entire industry is often represented, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. These participants are usually pre-qualified by confirming attendance and the nature of their business. Trade Shows These are usually industry specific but limited in scope compared to trade fairs. They are more focused on the industry or companies rather than the country of origin. These shows are attended by members of the public though the company representatives play a bigger role in ensuring that the products are well presented for display (Kerin Cron 87). The basic aim of trade shows is to promote the company through display and advertisement. However, recent trade shows have included the trade function and more and more product and service contracts are being signed during trade shows. In one way or another, trade shows do market the country of origin and the fact that they are international in nature presents a good opportunity for the country to ensure that it coordinates with the private sector to promote the country’s image. Since exhibitors at trade shows are generally manufacturers or producers, trade shows play an important role almost equivalent to other types of exhibitions since they represent the country of origin as an exporter. Trade shows usually on an invite-only basis for companies and they may be as short as a day and as long as ten days. They are usually recurrent in nature wit h most being held annually (Kijewski et al 287). Consumer shows (public shows) These types of exhibitions are usually open to the public and they are mainly run by retail outlets, service providers or manufacturers. Their main aim is to bring goods and services directly to the consumer for direct selling. These shows may be industry wide or interest-wide meaning that even unrelated companies may showcase their goods or services together. They usually bring consumers together in one place by offering product advice, education, discounts and entertainment. They benefit the seller by bringing in immediate purchases, product awareness and good public relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also present a good forum for product testing. On a national level, consumer shows improve the country’s image where the intended t arget is a foreign market. However, their application is limited since little mention of the country of origin is made. Mixed shows They usually combine both public and trade shows. This is not a category in itself since trade shows and trade fairs qualify as mixed shows since they serve both functions. Mixed shows have the dual effect of promoting sales while increasing product awareness. Usually, these shows are organized in a manner that ensures that the participants meet on certain days while on other days, they are allowed to display their goods to the public (Goldblatt 6). Benefits of Exhibitions to a country Exhibitions offer a country the best opportunity to market its products or itself for tourism purposes. This is because of the large number of people who attend exhibitions. Simply put, exhibitions present an interactive forum for supply and demand. The fact that these exhibitions are usually industry-specific or thematic helps the country concentrate on a particular sect or of its economy that may not be doing well. Exhibitions therefore present the country with a great opportunity to revive their industries. Research has shown that attending exhibitions presents the consumer with better information about a product or industry than any other form of marketing or advertisement. Additionally, no other marketing tool presents the three functions of trade, transparency and development together as exhibitions do. The trade function occurs where the consumers and producers sign trade contracts during the exhibition. The transparency function provides a market overview for the industry and it enables competitors to meet and exchange information. Lastly, the development function occurs directly and indirectly by promoting the image of the country that hosts the exhibition. The UFI, which is the worldwide association of the exhibition industry, keeps records on exhibitions around the globe. They report that exhibitions have really caught up as the main adver tisement tool for countries and companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statistics from the year 2000 alone show that there were about 30,000 exhibitions held globally. In those exhibitions, approximately 3.2 million participants exhibited their products and services to over 350 million people who attended these events. Normally, when an exhibition is held, the organizer pays related taxes, invests heavily in infrastructure and brings as many exhibitors as possible to one location. This has the effect of bringing direct benefits to local governments and residents of the area around the location of the exhibition as they offer support services for the attendees. This is achieved through wages and jobs being created and exhibition participants making certain expenditures. While hosts may benefit directly, there is a spin-off effect that brings economic gain to all parties. An analysis of the spin-off effect reveals that the first persons to benefit are the organizers of exhibitions through payment of registration fees for attendance. Other direct benefits accrue to central and local governments through the remittance of taxes and also to the residents who get jobs and wages directly related to the exhibition. Restaurants, transport companies and retail stores also add to the list of direct beneficiaries of exhibitions. Other non-monetary benefits include an enhanced reputation and also the establishment of a future market for trade and tourism. The advantages of exhibitions are so many such that in a 2004 management survey, German managers stated that they felt that participating in exhibitions brought much more value to the company than media advertisement (Beier Dumbock 34). The reasons given for the high ranking of exhibitions were threefold; first exhibitions enabled their companies introduce new services and products, initiate more sales and finally develop relationships with known and future buyers and suppliers. While it is quite understandable why managers would consider exhibitions before advertisements, it remains unclear why there is more investment in the latter rather than the former. However, the reason might be the inconsistency of exhibitions and the fact that they are beyond managerial control. Exhibitions remain high interest events. They bring together important suppliers and buyers unlike in other marketing tools where the information is received by interested and non-interested buyers. This is why they are good targets for new products and increased sales. There is also the transponding-and-delay effect whereby an organization can still be raking in benefits from attending an exhibition twelve months or more after the closure of the event (Robbe 35). The fact that the producers and retailers get an opportunity to make new contacts and relate face-to-face with consumers makes exhibitions invaluable to both countries and industries. In addition to the above benefits, exhibitions also have special advantages. These include; lowering of transaction costs which is achieved by concentrating pro duct and service providers in one location, neutral sales area whereby visitors and exhibitors are able to interact freely without commitments or the harsh competitive climate of routine trade, conditional locational pull where the customer enjoys the benefits of getting products closer to his or her location without ordinary hustles (Rosson Seringhaus 81) and finally, limited availability where the short duration of exhibitions ensures that there is concentration of various marketing tools such as media coverage, salesmen etc. in one particular area. This ensures that showcased products receive maximum attention. Judging from the benefits stated above, it is quite clear why countries may use exhibitions as the best marketing tool for rebranding and reviving industries. An exhibition gives the country an opportunity to present itself to an established clientele which brings about foreign investment (Czinkota Ronkainen 317). Where the country hosts the exhibition, it gains immensel y through direct foreign exchange earned and indirectly through the promotion of its image and its qualities. Therefore, these events can be useful in rebranding, revival and rejuvenation of a country through trade and tourism. Conclusion As seen above, countries can use exhibition events to boost their image for both trade and tourism purposes. This is achieved in three aspects; the product aspect, the distribution aspect and finally, the contract aspect (Christman 5). The product aspect refers to the presentation of the country’s goods, services and tourist benefits as a distinct product package that is attractive to the attendees of the exhibition. Secondly, the distribution aspect refers to the acquisition of a new market base for the showcased package either for trade or for tourism. Finally, an exhibition boosts a country’s economy through the contract aspect where interested participants in the exhibition make purchases from the country’s stand, or sign l ong-term contracts to purchase goods or services from that country. Works Cited Anderson, Eleanor. The Expo Story. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1986.Print Beier, JÃ ¶rg and Dumbock, Simon. The Role of Exhibitions in the Marketing Mix. UFI Journal, 1 (2005): 1-45 Christman, Christine. The Complete Handbook of Profitable Trade Show Exhibiting. Washington: Prentice Hall, 1991. Print Czinkota, Michael and Ronkainen, Ilka. International Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, 2002. Print Goldblatt, Joe Jeff. Special Events, 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1997. Print Kerin, Roger A. and Cron, William. Assessing Trade Show Functions and Performance: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Marketing 51 (1987): 87-94. Kijewski, Valerie, Eunsang Yoon and Gary Young. How Exhibitors Select Trade Shows. Industrial Marketing Management, 22 (1993): 287-298. Morrow, Sandra. The Art of the Show, Second Edition. Dallas: Greenwood, 2002. Print Robbe, Don. Expositions and Trade Shows. Montreal: W iley, 2000. Print Rosson, Philip and Seringhaus. F.H.R. Visitor and Exhibitor Interaction at Industrial Trade Fairs. Journal of Business Research, 32(1995): 81-90. This essay on The Role of Exhibitions in International Marketing was written and submitted by user Zackary Lara to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.